@article{Ruiz-Barrionuevo2024,

title = {Shifts in the gut microbiota of sea urchin \textit{Diadema antillarum} associated with the 2022 disease outbreak},

author = {Juliana M. Ruiz-Barrionuevo and Elif Kardas and Ruber Rodríguez-Barreras and Marcos A. Quiñones-Otero and Claudia P. Ruiz-Diaz and Carlos Toledo-Hernández and Filipa Godoy-Vitorino},

editor = {Eria Alaide Rebollar and Mirna Vázquez-Rosas-Landa and Emanuel Martinez},

url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1409729/full



https://www.sampr.org/shifts-in-the-gut-microbiota-of-sea-urchin-diadema-antillarum-associated-with-the-2022-disease-outbreak/



},

doi = {doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1409729},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-07-29},

urldate = {2024-07-29},

journal = {Frontiers},

volume = {15},

pages = {1-11},

abstract = {In recent decades, Caribbean coral reefs have lost many vital marine species due to diseases. The well-documented mass mortality event of the long-spined black sea urchin \textit{Diadema antillarum} in the early 1980s stands out among these collapses. This die-off killed over 90% of \textit{D. antillarum} changing the reefscape from coral to algal-dominated. Nearly 40 years later, \textit{D. antillarum} populations have yet to recover. In early 2022, a new mortality event of \textit{D. antillarum} was reported along the Caribbean, including Puerto Rico.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Schopmeyer2024,

title = {An evaluation tool for assessing coral restoration efforts},

author = {Stephanie Schopmeyer and Victor Galvan and Edwin Hernandez-Delgado and Gabriela Nava and Martine D’Alessandro and Lisa Carne and Elizabeth Goergen and Shay Viehman and Alison Moulding and Diego Lirman},

editor = {Baruch Rinkevich},

url = {https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/fmars-11-1404336.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1404336},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-06-10},

urldate = {2024-06-10},

journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},

volume = {11},

pages = {1-13},

abstract = {The ever-increasing need for coral restoration as a tool available to mitigate reef declines and aid in the recovery of lost ecosystem services requires improving restoration performance over time through an adaptive management framework to evaluate the status of restoration programs using uniform, consistent metrics. An evaluation tool, presented herein, allows restoration practitioners and managers to self-evaluate the robustness of each project and identify successful metrics, those metrics that need special attention, and changes to restoration strategies that can improve performance and aid recovery. This tool is designed to allow programs to track the progress of each key metric over time to assist in improving upon successes and learning from failures. The metrics within this restoration evaluation tool focus on published best-management practices and have resulted from extensive research conducted by restoration experts over the past 20 years. Common metrics of growth and survival are included, in addition to parameters vital to the operational success of restoration programs, such as coral reproduction, recruitment of associated reef taxa, increasing habitat for reef fisheries, and improving overall reef habitat. Five Caribbean restoration programs, each with at least 15 years of restoration experience, are presented as case studies. Each program was evaluated based on six restoration categories including: field-based nurseries, outplantings, programmatic management, education and outreach, event-driven restoration, and socioeconomic restoration. Category-specific metrics were scored with a binary scoring system and summarized using a stop-light indicator framework, where the resulting color/score indicates the operations tatus of the different program components (Scores >75% = green/successful; 50–74.9% = light green > yellow > orange/intermediate; <49.9% = red/sub-optimal). Composite scores may be used to evaluate individual projects, overall restoration programs, or even large-scale state of regional restoration plans. Overall, four of the five programs scored >75% indicating most of these programs are performing well, are versatile, well managed, and sustainable. Outside of environmental factors and large-scale disturbance events, many programs described resource limitations, including funding and staffing, as reasons for scoring low on some metrics. A holistic evaluation rubric incorporated into programmatic self-assessment can ensure that restoration projects and programs are working towards success and sustainability.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hernández-Delgado2024,

title = {Coastal Restoration Challenges and Strategies for Small Island Developing States in the Face of Sea Level Rise and Climate Change},

author = {Edwin A. Hernández-Delgado},

editor = {Donald C. Barber},

url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2673-964X/4/2/14

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/coastal-restoration-challenges-and-strategies-for-small-island-developing-states-in-the-face-of-sea-level-rise-and-climate-change.pdf

},

doi = { https://doi.org/10.3390/coasts4020014},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-04-01},

urldate = {2024-04-01},

journal = {Coasts},

volume = {4},

issue = {2},

pages = {235-286},

abstract = {The climate crisis poses a grave threat to numerous small island developing states (SIDS), intensifying risks from extreme weather events and sea level rise (SLR). This vulnerability heightens the dangers of coastal erosion, chronic water quality degradation, and dwindling coastal resources, demanding global attention. The resultant loss of ecological persistence, functional services, and ecosystem resilience jeopardizes protection against wave action and SLR, endangering coastal habitats’ economic value, food security, infrastructure, and livelihoods. Implementing integrated strategies is imperative. A thorough discussion of available strategies and best management practices for coastal ecosystem restoration is presented in the context of SIDS needs, threats, and major constraints. Solutions must encompass enhanced green infrastructure restoration (coral reefs, seagrass meadows, mangroves/wetlands, urban shorelines), sustainable development practices, circular economy principles, and the adoption of ecological restoration policies. This requires securing creative and sustainable funding, promoting green job creation, and fostering local stakeholder engagement. Tailored to each island’s reality, solutions must overcome numerous socio-economic, logistical, and political obstacles. Despite challenges, timely opportunities exist for coastal habitat restoration and climate change adaptation policies. Integrated strategies spanning disciplines and stakeholders necessitate significant political will.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ruiz-Diaz2024,

title = {A successful method to restore seagrass habitats in coastal areas affected by consecutive natural events},

author = {Claudia Patricia Ruiz-Diaz and Carlos Toledo-Hernández and Juan Luis Sánchez-González and Alex E. Mercado-Molina},

editor = {Haider Mahmood},

url = {https://peerj.com/articles/16700/

},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16700},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-02},

journal = {PeerJ},

pages = {1-17},

abstract = {Seagrass meadows, known for providing essential ecosystem services like supporting fishing, coastline protection from erosion, and acting as carbon sinks to mitigate climate change effects, are facing severe degradation. The current deteriorating state can be attributed to the combination of anthropogenic activities, biological factors (i.e., invasive species), and natural forces (i.e., hurricanes). Indeed, the global seagrass cover is diminishing at an alarming mean rate of 7% annually, jeopardizing the health of these vital ecosystems. However, in the Island Municipality of Culebra, Puerto Rico, losses are occurring at a faster pace. For instance, hurricanes have caused over 10% of cover seagrass losses, and the natural recovery of seagrasses across Culebra’s coast has been slow due to the low growth rates of native seagrasses (Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme) and the invasion of the invasive species Halophila stipulacea. Restoration programs are, thus, necessary to revitalize the native seagrass communities and associated fauna while limiting the spread of the invasive species.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rodríguez-Barreras​2023,

title = {Uneven demographic consequences of the 2022 disease outbreak for the sea urchin \textit{Diadema antillarum} in Puerto Rico},

author = {Ruber Rodríguez-Barreras​ and Claudia Patricia Ruiz-Diaz and Marcos A. Quiñones-Otero and Carlos Toledo-Hernández},

editor = {Anastazia Banaszak},

url = {https://peerj.com/articles/16675/

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Uneven-demographic-consequences-of-the-2022-disease-outbreak-for-the-sea-urchin-Diadema-antillarum-in-Puerto-Rico-peerj-16675.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16675},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-12-20},

urldate = {2023-12-20},

journal = {PeerJ},

volume = {11},

number = {e16675},

pages = {1-16},

abstract = {Pervasive epizootic events have had a significant impact on marine invertebrates throughout the Caribbean, leading to severe population declines and consequential ecological implications. One such event was the regional collapse of herbivory, partly caused by the Diadema antillarum mortality event in 1983–84, resulting in a trophic cascade and altering the structure of reef communities. Consequently, there was a notable decrease in coral recruitment and an increase in the coverage of macroalgae. Nearly four decades later, in early 2022, the Caribbean basin experienced another widespread mass mortality event, further reducing the populations of D. antillarum. To assess the effects of this recent mortality event on the current demographics of D. antillarum, we surveyed eight populations along the eastern, northeastern, northern, and northwestern coast of Puerto Rico from May to July 2022, estimating their population density, size distribution, and disease prevalence. Additionally, the study compared these population parameters with data from four sites previously surveyed in 2012 and 2017 to understand the impact of the recent mortality event. The survey conducted in 2022 showed varying population densities at the surveyed reefs. Some populations exhibited mean densities of nearly one individual per square meter, while others had extremely low or no living individuals per square meter. The four populations with the highest density showed no evidence of disease, whereas the four populations with the lowest D. antillarum densities exhibited moderate to high disease prevalence. However, when considering all sites, the estimated disease prevalence remained below 5%. Nevertheless, the comparison with data from 2012 and 2017 indicated that the recent mortality event had a negative impact on D. antillarum demographics at multiple sites, as the densities in 2022 were reduced by 60.19% compared to those from the previous years. However, it is still too early to determine the severity of this new mortality event compared to the 1983–84 mortality event. Therefore, it is imperative to continue monitoring these populations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rodriguez-Casariego2023,

title = {Multi-omic characterization of mechanisms contributing to rapid phenotypic plasticity in the coral \textit{Acropora cervicornis} under divergent environments},

author = {Javier A. Rodriguez-Casariego and Alex Mercado-Molina and Leila Soledade Lemos and Natalia Soares Quinete and Anthony Bellantuono and Mauricio Rodriguez-Lanetty and Alberto Sabat and Jose M. Eirin-Lopez},

url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00338-023-02446-9#author-information},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-023-02446-9},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-12-09},

urldate = {2023-12-09},

journal = {Coral Reefs},

abstract = {Phenotypic plasticity is defined as a property of individual genotypes to produce different phenotypes when exposed to different environmental conditions. This ability may be expressed at behavioral, biochemical, physiological, and/or developmental levels, exerting direct influence over species' demographic performance. In reef-building corals, a group critically threatened by global change in the Anthropocene, non-genetic mechanisms (i.e., epigenetic and  microbiome variation) have been shown to participate in plastic 

 hysiological responses to environmental change. Yet, the precise way in which these mechanisms interact, contribute to such responses, and their adaptive potential is still obscure. The present work aims to fill this gap by using a multi-omics approach to elucidate the contribution and interconnection of the mechanisms modulating phenotypic plasticity in staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis) clones subject to different depth conditions. Results show changes in lipidome, epigenome and transcriptome, but not in symbiotic and microbial communities. In addition, a potential shift toward a more heterotrophic feeding behavior was evidenced in corals at the deeper site. These observations are consistent with a multi-mechanism modulation of rapid acclimation in corals, underscoring the complexity of this process and the importance of a multifactorial approach to inform potential intervention to enhance coral adaptive capacity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mercado-Molina2023,

title = {Outplants of the Threatened Coral \textit{Acropora cervicornis} Promote Coral Recruitment in a Shallow-Water Coral Reef, Culebra, Puerto Rico},

author = {Alex E. Mercado-Molina and Samuel E. Suleimán-Ramos },

url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/24/16548

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Outplants-of-the-Threatened-Coral-Acropora-cervicornis-Promote-Coral-Recruitment-in-a-Shallow-Water-Coral-Reef-CulebraPuerto-Rico-sustainability-15-16548.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416548},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-12-05},

urldate = {2023-12-05},

journal = {Sustainability},

volume = {15},

number = {16548},

issue = {24},

pages = {1-13},

abstract = {The numerous socioeconomic and ecological challenges that coral reef degradation poses in the Greater Caribbean have led to a surge in restoration efforts. In this context, outplanting nursery-reared coral colonies has emerged as one of the most common strategies used to rejuvenate degraded reefs and reinstate critical ecosystem processes such as coral recruitment. However, the extent to which coral outplanting promotes the recruitment of coral species remains a subject of ongoing debate. This study tested the hypothesis that reintroducing the threatened coral Acropora cervicornis to a degraded coral reef promotes coral recruitment. To test our hypothesis, a series of recruitment

quadrats were established in an area populated with A. cervicornis outplants and in a reference location devoid of the coral. To further investigate the relationship between A. cervicornis and coral recruitment, an experiment was implemented in which half of the quadrats in the restored area received a coral outplant, while the other half were left undisturbed. After one year, all coral recruits located within the quadrats were counted and identified. It was found that in the restored area the mean recruit density exceeded that of the reference location by a factor of 2.15. Results also unveiled a positive association between coral recruitment and the presence of A. cervicornis. Specifically,

the mean recruit density in quadrats that received an A. cervicornis colony was 2.21 to 4.65-times higher than in the quadrats without coral outplants. This intriguing observation underscores the pivotal role of A. cervicornis in shaping the recruitment dynamics of corals within degraded reef areas, highlighting the potential of active coral outplanting to enhance the resilience of deteriorating coral reef ecosystems.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hernández-Delgado2023,

title = {Long-Term Persistence of Propeller and Anchor Damage to Seagrass Canopy and Demersal Biodiversity in Puerto Rico},

author = {Edwin A. Hernández-Delgado},

url = {https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=128458

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Long-Term-Persistence-of-Propeller-and-Anchor-Damage-to-Seagrass-Canopy-and-Demersal-Biodiversity-in-Puerto-Rico.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2023.1310042},

issn = {2162-1993},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-10-24},

urldate = {2023-10-24},

journal = {Open Journal of Ecology},

volume = {13},

number = {10},

pages = {671-710},

abstract = {Seagrass ecosystems support high biodiversity and productivity and constitute critical links to adjacent ecosystems. However, there is a growing concern that increasing recreational navigation may affect its ecological processes and functions, which may affect its recreational and tourism values, compromising local economies and livelihoods. The long-term impacts (1996-2011) of recreational navigation on seagrass benthic community structure were assessed by addressing the question of whether long-term effects of recreational navigation had a significant impact on seagrass community structure and on its benthic faunal assemblages. Findings evidenced: 1) a consistent spatio-temporal gradient in the ecological conditions of seagrasses across the scoured areas, with increased percent seagrass cover, density and canopy height, and seagrass benthic biodiversity with increasing distance from disturbed areas; 2) a decline in percent seagrass cover, and an increased macroalgal and cyanobacterial percent cover through time around the disturbed areas; 3) a significant shift in seagrass assemblage biodiversity as a response to boating that followed the intermediate disturbance hypothesis; 4) an adverse effect on the spatial distribution and survival of multiple benthic invertebrate taxa; and 5) a significant decline in cnidarians, echinoids, ophiuroids, holothurians, and gastro-pods, and an increase in polychaetes, platyhelminths, and hermit crabs, particularly in areas exposed to boating. Spatio-temporal variation in seagrass community structure explained the observed variation in benthic faunal assemblages. The long-term consequences on ecosystem functions and management needs are discussed to foster the conservation of seagrasses.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Aponte-Marcano12023,

title = {Effectiveness of different nursery designs for the restoration of the threatened coral \textit{Acropora cervicornis} in Culebra, Puerto Rico},

author = {Aponte-Marcano Patria I. and Suleimán-Ramos Samuel E. and Mercado-Molina Alex E.},

url = {https://www.conservationevidence.com/individual-study/12254

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Effectiveness-of-different-nursery-designs-for-the-restoration-of-the-threatened-coral-Acropora-cervicornis-in-Culebra-Puerto-Rico.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.52201/CEJ20/PNCI5011},

issn = {1758-2067},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-09-01},

urldate = {2023-09-01},

journal = {Conservation Evidence Journal},

volume = {20},

pages = {30-39},

abstract = {The threatened staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis is an important reef-builder species in the Caribbean. Its ecological importance and critical status have prompted efforts to restore degraded populations. In this respect, nursery-based programmes have effectively propagated A. cervicornis and helped to increase population sizes. Despite many advances in low-cost coral nursery designs, there is still a need to increase productivity while reducing costs. This study evaluates A. cervicornis demographic performance in two propagation structures: floating trees (FT) and floating horizontal frames (HF). Two equal-sized fragments were collected from 50 healthy staghorn coral colonies. Each fragment was placed into an FT or HF design. Survival, growth, branching, and productivity were recorded for seven months. To address the cost-effectiveness of the coral propagation techniques, we compared the total cost of producing corals between the two designs. Survival was similar, with 91% and 92% of the coral fragments surviving in the FT and HF, respectively. Although colonies in HF nurseries grew faster and produced more branches than those in FT nurseries, these differences were not statistically significant. Likewise, productivity did not differ statistically between nursery designs despite fragments in HF nurseries being 1.5 times more productive than those in FT nurseries. Because of the similarity in demographic performance, the selection of nursery designs could be based solely on their cost-effectiveness. In this respect, the cost-effectiveness analysis shows that producing corals using HF costs about 70% less than FT. Thus, we conclude that floating horizontal frame (HF) nurseries are better for propagating A. cervicornis and accelerating coral restoration activities.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Santiago-Padua2023,

title = {Demographic and population response of the threatened coral \textit{Acropora cervicornis} (\textit{Scleractinia}, \textit{Acroporidae}) to fireworm corallivory},

author = {Paola Santiago-Padua and Jeremy Velázquez-Alvarado and Arelys Del Mar López-Pérez and Julimar Nevárez-Mélendez and Lemuel E. Díaz-Druet and Samuel E. Suleimán-Ramos and Alex E. Mercado-Molina},

url = {https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/54912

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Demographic-and-population-response-of-the-threatened-coral-Acropora-cervicornis-Scleractinia-Acroporidae-to-fireworm-corallivory.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v71iS1.54912},

issn = {2215-2075 Vol. 71 (S1): e54912},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-04-30},

urldate = {2023-04-30},

journal = {Revista de Biología Tropical},

volume = {71},

issue = {1},

pages = {1-15},

abstract = {Introduction: The fireworm Hermodice carunculata is a widespread polychaete that can prey upon many coral species. However, few studies have examined the effect of fireworm predation on coral demographics during non-outbreak periods.



Objective: To determine whether predation by H. carunculata compromised the growth, survival, and population performance of the threatened coral Acropora cervicornis.



Methods: Nursery-reared coral fragments (n = 99) were fixed to the bottom of Punta Melones reef in the Island Municipality of Culebra, Puerto Rico. Predation activity and its demographic consequences on coral outplants were assessed from December 2020 to August 2022. Susceptibility to predation was compared between colonies collected directly from the reef and those originating from outside sources (e.g., coral nurseries). With the demographic data, simple size-based population matrix models were developed to 1) examine whether fireworm predation led to a significant decline in population growth rate (λ), 2) determine the demographic transition(s) that contribute the most to λ, and 3) determining the demographic transition(s) that accounted for differences in λ when comparing scenarios that considered either only predated colonies or both predated and non-predated outplants.



Results: Predation increased over time, being more frequently observed in the area with the highest topographic relief and on colonies foreign to the study site. Outplants that were partially consumed grew significantly slower than non-predated colonies; however, predation did not threaten their survival. The likelihood of being attacked by the fireworm increased with branching complexity. The estimated λ for a scenario considering only predated colonies was 0.99, whereas, for a scenario where both predated and non-predated colonies were considered, λ was 0.91. Population growth, under the two scenarios, was mainly influenced by the probability of a large colony surviving and remaining at the largest size.



Conclusions: Although predation can negatively impact coral growth, the relatively high survival rate of predated colonies compensates for the adverse effect. Since survival is the demographic transition that contributes most to population growth, it could be concluded that under a non-outbreak scenario, fireworm predation may not be the primary cause of A. cervicornis population decline.



Keywords: coral demographics; coral outplants; elasticity analysis; Hermodice carunculata; population matrix model; predation; restored population.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Toledo-Hernández12023,

title = {Uncovering the link between environmental factors and coral immunity: A study of fluorescent protein expression and phenoloxidase activity in \textit{Acropora cervicornis}},

author = {Carlos Toledo-Hernández and Claudia Patricia Ruiz-Diaz and Juan Sebastian Ramírez-Lugo and Marielys Torres-Díaz and Lisby Santiago-Pagán and Andrea Bruno-Chardón and Liz M. Díaz-Vázquez},

editor = {Virginia M. Weis and Nicholas MacKnight and Bradford Dimos

},

url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1133486/full

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Uncovering-the-link-between-environmental-factors-and-coral-immunity-A-study-of-fluorescent-protein-expression-and-phenoloxidase-activity-in-Acropora-cervicornisfmars-10-1133486.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1133486},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-03-02},

urldate = {2023-03-02},

journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},

volume = {10},

pages = {1-11},

abstract = {Worsening environmental conditions due to climate change have profoundly affected the health of coral reefs worldwide. Thus, understanding how corals respond to fluctuating and/or extreme levels of temperature and solar irradiation will guide future protection and restoration efforts of this valuable ecosystem. Herein, we present a study of the immune responses of the endangered coral Acropora cervicornis to seasonal fluctuations in water temperature (WT), light intensity (LI), and water depth. Immune responses were observed by measuring the concentration of green and cyan fluorescent proteins (GFP and CyFP) and the activity of phenoloxidase (PO), an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the photoprotective protein melanin. To study these responses, visually healthy A. cervicornis fragments were placed at 8, and 12 m depth, and GFP, CyPF, and PO activity were measured at three-month intervals over a 12-month period. Seawater temperature and light intensity were also measured at each depth during this period. A general linear mixed model was used to determine the effects of seasonal variations of WT, LI, and water depth on the immune proteins. GFP, CyFP, and PO activity varied significantly across time – all higher in late summer/early fall and lower in late winter/early spring. Likewise, WT and LI significantly affected GFP, CyFP, and PO activity. On the other hand, water depth only had a significant effect on fluorescent protein concentrations but not PO activity. Our study demonstrates that corals can modulate these key immune-related proteins throughout natural seasonal fluctuations. That is, increasing in months of higher thermal and light conditions while decreasing in months with mild thermal and light conditions. The phenotypic plasticity of A. cervicornis in adapting to a changing environment underscores the importance that in future studies time of the year should be a meaningful consideration when evaluating the responses of A. cervicornis to the environment.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bayraktarov2022,

title = {Joining global efforts to halt coral reef decline: a call for more diversity, equity, and inclusion at international scientific meetings  },

author = {Elisa Bayraktarov and Edwin A. Hernández-Delgado and Valeria Pizarro and Phanor H Montoya-Maya and Claudia Patricia Ruiz-Diaz and Stuart R Phinn and Chris Roelfsema and Sarah Frías-Torres},

editor = {Rupert Ormond and Caroline Rogers Beatriz Casareto and Douglas Fenner and Edwin Hernandez-Delgado and Dennis Hubbard and Nicolas Pascal and William Precht and Silas Principe and Brian Rosen and Sue Wells},

url = {http://coralreefs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Reef_Encounter_51_lores.pdf

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Joining-global-efforts-to-halt-coral-Reef_Encounter_51_lores.pdf},

issn = {0225-27987},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-06-01},

urldate = {2022-06-01},

journal = {Reef Ecounter},

volume = {37},

issue = {1},

pages = {28-35},

abstract = {Finding solutions to the global coral reef crisis will require active adaptive management, where scientific results on successes vs failures at local field sites are used to inform conservation interventions and natural resource management. Any scientific progress and solution-focused innovation starts with the exchange of knowledge. Scientific conferences can quickly disseminate major research findings and encourage public debates to push the boundaries of science.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ruiz-Diaz2022b,

title = {The Effects of Depth-Related Environmental Factors on Traits in Acropora cervicornis Raised in Nurseries.},

author = {Claudia Patricia Ruiz-Diaz and Carlos Toledo-Hernández and Juan Luis Sánchez-González and Brenda Betancourt},

editor = {Kevin B. Strychar},

url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/2/212

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357778397_The_Effects_of_Depth-Related_Environmental_Factors_on_Traits_in_Acropora_cervicornis_Raised_in_Nurseries

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/The-Effects-of-Depth-Related-Environmental-Factors-on-Traits-in-Acropora-cervicornis-Raised-in-Nurseries-water-14-00212.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/w14020212},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-12},

urldate = {2022-01-12},

journal = {Water},

volume = { 14},

issue = {2},

pages = {212},

abstract = {Populations of Acropora cervicornis, one of the most important reef-building corals in the Caribbean, have been declining due to human activities and global climate change. This has prompted the development of strategies such as coral farms, aimed at improving the long-term viability of this coral across its geographical range. This study focuses on comprehending how seawater temperature (ST), and light levels (LL) affect the survival and growth of A. cervicornis fragments collected from three reefs in Culebra, Puerto Rico. These individuals were fragmented into three pieces of the similar sizes and placed in farms at 5, 8, and 12 m depth. The fragments, ST and LL were monitored for 11 months. Results show that fragments from shallow farms exhibit significantly higher mortalities when compared to the other two depths. Yet, growth at shallow farms was nearly 24% higher than at the other two depths. Corals grew fastest during winter, when temperature and LL were lowest, regardless of the water depth. Fragment mortality and growth origin were also influenced by reef origin. We conclude that under the current conditions, shallow farms may offer a slight advantage over deep ones provided the higher growth rate at shallow farms and the high fragment survival at all depths.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Vardi2021,

title = {Six priorities to advance the science and practice of coral reef restoration worldwide},

author = {Tali Vardi and Whitney C. Hoot and Jessica Levy and Elizabeth Shaver and R. Scott Winters and Anastazia T. Banaszak and Iliana B. Baums and Valérie F. Chamberland and Nathan Cook and David Gulko and Margaux Y. Hein and Les Kaufman and Michelle Loewe and Petra Lundgren and Caitlin Lustic and Petra MacGowan and Mikhail V. Matz and Miles McGonigle and Ian McLeod and Jennifer Moore and Tom Moore and Sandrine Pivard and F. Joseph Pollock and Baruch Rinkevich and David J. Suggett and Samuel Suleiman and T. Shay Viehman and Tatiana Villalobos and Virginia M. Weis and Chelsea Wolke and Phanor H. Montoya-Maya},

url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13498

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Restoration-Ecology-2021-Vardi-Six-priorities-to-advance-the-science-and-practice-of-coral-reef-restoration-worldwide.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13498},

issn = {1061-2971},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-29},

urldate = {2021-11-29},

journal = {Restoration Ecology},

volume = {29},

number = {e13498},

issue = {8},

pages = {1-7},

abstract = {Coral reef restoration is a rapidly growing movement galvanized by the accelerating degradation of the world's tropical coral reefs. The need for concerted and collaborative action focused on the recovery of coral reef ecosystems coalesced in the creation of the Coral Restoration Consortium (CRC) in 2017. In March 2020, the CRC leadership team met for a biennial review of international coral reef restoration efforts and a discussion of perceived knowledge and implementation bottlenecks that may impair scalability and efficacy. Herein we present six priorities wherein the CRC will foster scientific advancement and collaboration to: (1) increase restoration efficiency, focusing on scale and cost-effectiveness of deployment; (2) scale up larval-based coral restoration efforts, emphasizing recruit health, growth, and survival; (3) ensure restoration of threatened coral species proceeds within a population-genetics management context; (4) support a holistic approach to coral reef ecosystem restoration; (5) develop and promote the use of standardized terms and metrics for coral reef restoration; and (6) support coral reef restoration practitioners working in diverse geographic locations. These priorities are not exhaustive nor do we imply that accomplishing these tasks alone will be sufficient to restore coral reefs globally; rather these are topics where we feel the CRC community of practice can make timely and significant contributions to facilitate the growth of coral reef restoration as a practical conservation strategy. The goal for these collective actions is to provide tangible, local-scale advancements in reef condition that offset declines resulting from local and global stressors including climate change.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ramírez-Lugo2021,

title = {CREARE: A Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience To Study the Responses of the Endangered Coral \textit{Acropora cervicornis} to a Changing Environment.},

author = {Juan S. Ramírez-Lugo and Carlos Toledo-Hernández and Ivonne Vélez-González and Claudia P. Ruiz-Diaz},

url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8060141/

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/ramirez-lugo-et-al-2021-creare-a-course-based-undergraduate-research-experience-to-study-the-responses-of-the.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.v22i1.2253c},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-03-31},

urldate = {2021-03-31},

journal = {Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education},

volume = {22},

number = {1},

pages = {1-12},

abstract = {There is mounting evidence to support that students who participate in scientific research experiences are more likely to continue on to advanced degrees and careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). To introduce more students to the benefits of research, we have drawn on an ongoing project aimed at understanding how the Caribbean staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis responds to environmental fluctuations to develop a semester-long course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE), entitled CREARE (Coral Response to Environment Authentic Research Experience). The main mode of instruction in CREARE is through topic modules, and course evaluation is achieved through writing assignments. Students in CREARE perform experiments in the laboratory to measure the abundance of photo-protective proteins in coral tissue from samples collected at different depths and at different times of the year and analyze environmental data using the R programming language. CREARE participants have contributed to the progress of the research project by generating novel data and making improvements to experimental protocols. Furthermore, pre- and post-course assessment of content knowledge revealed that students perform significantly better on a written exam after participating in CREARE, while also displaying appreciable shifts in attitudes towards science in student perception surveys. In addition, through qualitative analysis of focus group interviews, we gathered evidence to suggest that mediating variables that predict students’ persistence in science are bolstered through our application of the CURE modality. Overall, CREARE can serve as a model for developing more research-based courses that successfully engage students in scientific research.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cortés-Useche2021,

title = {Conservation actions and ecological context: optimizing coral reef local management in the Dominican Republic},

author = {Camilo Cortés-Useche​ and Edwin A. Hernández-Delgado and Johanna Calle-Triviño and Rita Sellares Blasco and Victor Galván and Jesús E. Arias-González},

editor = {Ida Kubiszewski and Jonathan Colville},

url = {https://peerj.com/articles/10925/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7953877/

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Conservation-actions-and-ecological-context-optimizing-coral-reef-local-management-in-the-Dominican-Republic-peerj-10925.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10925},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-03-09},

urldate = {2021-03-09},

journal = {Peerj},

volume = {9},

number = { e10925},

pages = {1-28},

abstract = {Over the past few decades, coral reef ecosystems have been lost at accelerated rates as a result of global climate change and local stressors. Local management schemes can help improve the condition of coral reefs by enhancing their ecosystem recovery capacity. Caribbean conservation efforts include mitigation of local anthropogenic stressors, and integrating social participation. Here, we analyzed the case of the Bayahibe reefs in the Southeastern (SE) Dominican Republic to identify conservation actions and illustrate a conceptual example of local seascape management. We assessed reef health indicators from 2011 to 2016. Overall, our results show increases in total fish biomass, in both commercial and herbivorous fishes. Mean live coral cover was 31% and fleshy macroalgae was 23% after multiple disturbances such as Hurricanes Sandy and Isaac (2012), Mathew (2016) and heat stress presented in the study area in 2015. We also described actions taken by stakeholders and government institutions, including the implementation of a policy declaring an area of 869,000 ha as a marine protected area (MPA), enhanced water quality treatment, local restrictions to vessel traffic, enforcement of fishing regulations, and the removal of invasive lionfish (Pterois spp.). In addition, a restoration program for the threatened staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis) was established in 2011, and currently has eight coral nurseries and six outplanting sites. Considering the biology and ecology of these reefs, we observed good results for these indicators (live coral cover, fish biomass, and water quality) in contrast with severely degraded Caribbean reefs, suggesting that optimizing local management may be a useful example for improving reef condition. Our results provide an overview of trends in reef condition in the SE Dominican Republic and could support current strategies to better protect reefs in the region. Given that Caribbean coral reefs face extreme challenges from global climate change, management measures may improve reef conditions across the region but stronger policy processes and increased scientific knowledge are needed for the successful management of coral reefs.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gómez-Andújar2020,

title = {Spatial benthic community analysis of shallow coral reefs to support coastal management in Culebra Island, Puerto Rico.},

author = {Nicolás X Gómez-Andújar and Edwin A Hernandez-Delgado },

editor = {Gregory Verutes},

url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33088617/

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Spatial-benthic-community-analysis-of-shallow-coral-reefs-to-support-coastal-management-in-Culebra-Island-Puerto-Rico.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10080},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-10-14},

urldate = {2020-10-14},

journal = {PeerJ},

pages = {1-27},

abstract = {Caribbean coral reefs provide essential ecosystem services to society, including fisheries, tourism and shoreline protection from coastal erosion. However, these reefs are also exhibiting major declining trends, leading to the evolution of novel ecosystems dominated by non-reef building taxa, with potentially altered ecological functions. In the search for effective management strategies, this study characterized coral reefs in front of a touristic beach which provides economic benefits to the surrounding coastal communities yet faces increasing anthropogenic pressures and conservation challenges. Haphazard photo-transects were used to address spatial variation patterns in the reef’s benthic community structure in eight locations. Statistically significant differences were found with increasing distance from the shoreline, reef rugosity, Diadema antillarum density, among reef locations, and as a function of recreational use. Nearshore reefs reflected higher percent macroalgal cover, likely due to increased exposure from both recreational activities and nearby unsustainable land-use practices. However, nearshore reefs still support a high abundance of the endangered reef-building coral Orbicella annularis, highlighting the need to conserve these natural shoreline protectors. There is an opportunity for local stakeholders and regulatory institutions to collaboratively implement sea-urchin propagation, restoration of endangered Acroporid coral populations, and zoning of recreational densities across reefs. Our results illustrate vulnerable reef hotspots where these management interventions are needed and recommend guidelines to address them.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zimmerman2020b,

title = {Resistance, resilience, and vulnerability of social‐ecological systems to hurricanes in Puerto Rico.},

author = {Jess K. Zimmerman and Michael R. Willig and Edwin A. Hernández-Delgado},

url = {https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecs2.3159

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Ecosphere-2020-Zimmerman-Resistance-resilience-and-vulnerability-of-social‐ecological-systems-to-hurricanes-in.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3159},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-10-09},

urldate = {2020-10-09},

journal = {Ecosphere},

volume = {11},

issue = {10},

pages = {e03159},

abstract = {Subject to hurricane disturbance for millennia, natural ecosystems of Puerto Rico exhibit clear patterns of resistance (e.g., many tree species have little immediate storm-related mortality) and resilience (e.g., leaf litterfall and stream chemistry returned to pre-hurricane levels in as little as five years). Contemporaneous studies of near-shore areas also suggested no long-term impacts of hurricanes; however, anthropogenic effects (coral bleaching, sedimentation) dominate the long-term condition of marine systems in Puerto Rico, many of which have slowly evolved into novel ecosystems. A key characteristic of novel marine ecosystems is their long-term loss of benefits and resilience, coupled to declining biodiversity and loss of structural or functional redundancy, signaling increased vulnerability to subsequent hurricanes. Human systems are also strongly affected by cyclonic storms, as evidenced by the recent impacts of Hurricanes Irma and Maria in the Caribbean. The lack of short-term recovery from disturbance by coral reef ecosystems, coupled with an increasing recurrence of anthropogenic impacts, increasing hurricane frequency or severity, and sea-level rise, may have irreversible long-term socioeconomic consequences for coastal social–ecological systems and for community livelihoods. A comprehensive social–ecological understanding of hurricane effects in Puerto Rico is lacking in part because hurricane effects on human populations are not comprehensively followed. Although some studies suggest a path forward, finding effective methods to link measurements of storm intensity to the diverse components of tropical social–ecological systems remains a challenge.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Precht2020b,

title = {The timing and causality of ecological shifts on Caribbean coral reefs},

author = {William F Precht and Richard B Aronson and Toby A Gardner and Jennifer A Gill and Julie P Hawkins and Edwin A Hernández-Delgado and Walter C Jaap and Tim R McClanahan and Melanie D McField and Thaddeus J T Murdoch and Maggy M Nugues and Callum M Roberts and Christiane K Schelten and Andrew R Watkinson and Isabelle M Côté},

url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293016/},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.amb.2020.08.008},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-10-08},

urldate = {2020-10-08},

journal = {Advances in Marine Biology},

volume = {87},

number = {1},

pages = {331-360},

abstract = {Caribbean reefs have experienced unprecedented changes in the past four decades. Of great concern is the perceived widespread shift from coral to macroalgal dominance and the question of whether it represents a new, stable equilibrium for coral-reef communities. The primary causes of the shift—grazing pressure (top-down), nutrient loading (bottom-up) or direct coral mortality (side-in)—still remain somewhat controversial in the coral-reef literature. We have attempted to tease out the relative importance of each of these causes. Four insights emerge from our analysis of an early regional dataset of information on the benthic composition of Caribbean reefs spanning the years 1977–2001. First, although three-quarters of reef sites have experienced coral declines concomitant with macroalgal increases, fewer than 10% of the more than 200 sites studied were dominated by macroalgae in 2001, by even the most conservative definition of dominance. Using relative dominance as the threshold, a total of 49 coral-to-macroalgae shifts were detected. This total represents ~ 35% of all sites that were dominated by coral at the start of their monitoring periods. Four shifts (8.2%) occurred because of coral loss with no change in macroalgal cover, 15 (30.6%) occurred because of macroalgal gain without coral loss, and 30 (61.2%) occurred owing to concomitant coral decline and macroalgal increase. Second, the timing of shifts at the regional scale is most consistent with the side-in model of reef degradation, which invokes coral mortality as a precursor to macroalgal takeover, because more shifts occurred after regional coral-mortality events than expected by chance. Third, instantaneous observations taken at the start and end of the time-series for individual sites showed these reefs existed along a continuum of coral and macroalgal cover. The continuous, broadly negative relationship between coral and macroalgal cover suggests that in some cases coral-to-macroalgae phase shifts may be reversed by removing sources of perturbation or restoring critical components such as the herbivorous sea urchin Diadema antillarum to the system. The five instances in which macroalgal dominance was reversed corroborate the conclusion that macroalgal dominance is not a stable, alternative community state as has been commonly assumed. Fourth, the fact that the loss in regional coral cover and concomitant changes to the benthic community are related to punctuated, discrete events with known causes (i.e. coral disease and bleaching), lends credence to the hypothesis that coral reefs of the Caribbean have been under assault from climate-change-related maladies since the 1970s.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sabat2020,

title = {Population dynamics of diseased corals: Effects of a Shut Down Reaction outbreak in Puerto Rican \textit{Acropora cervicornis}.},

author = {Alex E Mercado-Molina and Alberto M Sabat and Edwin A Hernández-Delgado},

url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293020/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S006528812030033X?via%3Dihub},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.amb.2020.08.001},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-10-07},

urldate = {2020-10-07},

journal = {Advance in Marine Biology},

volume = {87},

issue = {1},

pages = {61-82},

abstract = {Chronic coral reef degradation has been characterized by a significant decline in the population abundance and live tissue cover of scleractinian corals across the wider Caribbean. Acropora cervicornis is among the species whose populations have suffered an unprecedented collapse throughout the region. This species, which once dominated the shallow-water reef communities, is susceptible to a wide range of stressors, resulting in a general lack of recovery following disturbances. A. cervicornis is a critical contributor to the structure, function, and resilience of Caribbean coral reefs. Therefore, it is essential to identify the factors that influence their demographic and population performance. Diseases are one of the factors that are compromising the recovery of coral populations. In this chapter, we use size-based population matrix models to evaluate the population-level effect of a Shut Down Reaction Disease},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rodríguez-Casariego2020,

title = {Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis reveals a conserved epigenetic response to seasonal environmental variation in the staghorn coral \textit{Acropora cervicornis}.},

author = {Javier A. Rodríguez-Casariego and Alex E. Mercado-Molina and Daniel Garcia-Souto and Ivanna M. Ortiz-Rivera and Christian Lopes and Iliana B. Baums and Alberto M. Sabat and Jose M. Eirin-Lopez},

editor = {Yong Wang and Mikhail V. Matz and Alexandre Fellous and Hui Huang},

url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.560424/full

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Genome-wide-DNA-methylation-analysis-reveals-a-conserved-epigenetic-response-to-seasonal-environmental-variation-in-the-staghorn-coral-Acropora-cervicornis.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.560424},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-09-30},

urldate = {2020-09-30},

journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},

volume = {7},

abstract = {Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation have been shown to participate in plastic responses to environmental change in a wide range of organisms, including scleractinian corals. Unfortunately, the current understanding of the links between environmental signals, epigenetic modifications, and the subsequent consequences for acclimatory phenotypic changes remain obscure. Such a knowledge gap extends also to the dynamic nature of epigenetic changes, hampering our ability to ascertain the magnitude and extent of these responses under natural conditions. The present work aims to shed light on these subjects by examining temporal changes in genome-wide patterns of DNA methylation in the staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis in the island of Culebra, PR. During a 17-month period, a total of 162 polymorphic loci were identified using Methylation-Sensitive Amplified Polymorphism (MSAP). Among them, 83 of these restriction fragments displayed changes in DNA methylation that were significantly correlated to seasonal variation as determined mostly by changes in sea water temperature. Remarkably, the observed time-dependent variation in DNA methylation patterns is consistent across coral genets, coral source sites and site-specific conditions studied. Overall, these results are consistent with a conserved epigenetic response to seasonal environmental variation. These findings highlight the importance of including seasonal variability into experimental designs investigating the role of epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation in responses to stress.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bayraktarov2020,

title = {Review of coral reef restoration efforts in Latin American countries and territories},

author = {Elisa Bayraktarov and Anastazia T. Banaszak and Phanor Montoya Maya and Joanie Kleypas and Jesús E. Arias-González and Macarena Blanco and Johanna Calle-Triviño and Nufar Charuvi and Camilo Cortés-Useche and Victor Galván and Miguel A. García Salgado and Mariana Gnecco and Sergio D. Guendulain-García and Edwin A. Hernández Delgado and José A. Marín Moraga and María Fernanda Maya and Sandra Mendoza Quiroz and Samantha Mercado Cervantes and Megan Morikawa and Gabriela Nava and Valeria Pizarro and Rita I. Sellares-Blasco and Samuel E. Suleimán Ramos and Tatiana Villalobos Cubero and María F. Villalpando and Sarah Frías-Torres},

editor = {Shashank Keshavmurthy},

url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0228477

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0228477&type=printable

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Coral-reef-restoration-efforts-in-Latin-American-countries-and-territories.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228477},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-08-05},

urldate = {2020-08-05},

journal = {Plos ONE},

volume = {15},

number = {8},

abstract = {Coral reefs worldwide are degrading due to climate change, overfishing, pollution, coastal development, coral bleaching, and diseases. In areas where the natural recovery of an ecosystem is negligible or protection through management interventions insufficient, active restoration becomes critical. The Reef Futures symposium in 2018 brought together over 400 reef restoration experts, businesses, and civil organizations, and galvanized them to save coral reefs through restoration or identify alternative solutions. The symposium highlighted that solutions and discoveries from long-term and ongoing coral reef restoration projects in Spanish-speaking countries in the Caribbean and Eastern Tropical Pacific were not well known internationally. Therefore, a meeting of scientists and practitioners working in these locations was held to compile the data on the extent of coral reef restoration efforts, advances and challenges. Here, we present unpublished data from 12 coral reef restoration case studies from five Latin American countries, describe their motivations and techniques used, and provide estimates on total annual project cost per unit area of reef intervened, spatial extent as well as project duration. We found that most projects used direct transplantation, the coral gardening method, micro-fragmentation or larval propagation, and aimed to optimize or scale-up restoration approaches (51%) or provide alternative, sustainable livelihood opportunities (15%) followed by promoting coral reef conservation stewardship and re-establishing a self-sustaining, functioning reef ecosystems (both 13%). Reasons for restoring coral reefs were mainly biotic and experimental (both 42%), followed by idealistic and pragmatic motivations (both 8%). The median annual total cost from all projects was $93,000 USD (range: $10,000 USD—$331,802 USD) (2018 dollars) and intervened a median spatial area of 1 ha (range: 0.06 ha—8.39 ha). The median project duration was 3 years; however, projects have lasted up to 17 years. Project feasibility was high with a median of 0.7 (range: 0.5–0.8). This study closes the knowledge gap between academia and practitioners and overcomes the language barrier by providing the first comprehensive compilation of data from ongoing coral reef restoration efforts in Latin America.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hernández-Delgado2020,

title = {Hurricane Impacts and the Resilience of the Invasive Sea Vine, \textit{Halophila stipulacea}: a Case Study from Puerto Rico.},

author = {E. A. Hernández-Delgado and C. Toledo-Hernández and C. P. Ruíz-Díaz and N. Gómez-Andújar and J. L. Medina-Muñiz and M. F. Canals-Silander and S. E. Suleimán-Ramos},

url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12237-019-00673-4

},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-019-00673-4},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-08},

urldate = {2020-01-08},

journal = {Estuaries and Coasts},

volume = {43},

pages = {1263–1283},

abstract = {Category five hurricanes Irma and María (September 2017) caused significant damage to shallow seagrass communities across Puerto Rico. The magnitude and spatial extent of hurricane impacts on representative seagrass habitats of Culebra Island were addressed using a combination of random photo-quadrats and before–after hurricanes GIS-based imagery analyses. There was a significant loss of shallow seagrasses across all nine surveyed locations. Most of the documented impacts were associated with sediment bedload (horizontal transport), which resulted in burial and suffocation. There was also localized physical disruption of the seagrass habitat matrix across locations exposed to stronger wave action, creating major scars and exposing below-ground structure to further disintegration by future storm events. Displaced coral rubble also caused seagrass burial. Aerial imagery analyses (2007, 2010, 2017) showed a significant decline in seagrass percent cover. Seagrass decline was positively correlated with wave exposure (p < 0.05). Seagrass cover, density, and changes in benthic community structure were documented across five of the surveyed locations during 2018, and these data were further compared to data collected in 2004 at these same sites. There was a decline in percent seagrass cover and density and a change in benthic community structure favoring habitat homogenization. A remarkable finding was the rapid recovery, expansion, and increased localized dominance of the invasive seagrass, Halophila stipulacea. This was particularly evident in areas impacted by recurrent land-based runoff pulses, anchoring, sediment resuspension due to navigation, trampling or by the accumulation of decaying Sargassum mats. Hurricanes triggered a localized shift in marine vegetation, favoring the invasion of H. stipulacea, with potentially significant consequences on ecosystem resilience and on the ability of native in seagrasses to persist and adapt to projected climate change impacts.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Weil2019,

title = {Spread of the new coral disease “SCTLD” into the Caribbean: implications for Puerto Rico.},

author = {E Weil and EA Hernández-Delgado and M Gonzalez and S Williams and S Suleimán-Ramos and M Figuerola and T Metz-Estrella},

url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342477916_REEF_ENCOUNTER_Spread_of_the_new_coral_disease_SCTLD_into_the_Caribbean_implications_for_Puerto_Rico

https://www.agrra.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Weil-et-al.-2020-Reef-Encounter.pdf

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Spread-of-the-new-coral-disease-SCTLD-into-the-Caribbean-implications-for-Puerto-Rico.pdf

},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-12-01},

urldate = {2019-12-01},

journal = {Reef Encounter},

volume = {34},

number = {1},

pages = {38-43},

abstract = {The ongoing deterioration and significant decline in live coral cover and diversity in coral reef communities

worldwide is strongly associated with increasing water temperatures linked to Global Climate Change, aided by

anthropogenic activities (Harvell et al. 2004, 2007, 2009; Weil and Rogers 2011; Maynard et al. 2016; Woodley et al.

2016). In the Wider Caribbean, major community structure and function decline was marked by two region-wide,

concurrent, highly virulent disease epizootics in the early 1980’s. These events almost wiped out two foundational

scleractinian species (Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis), and the keystone sea urchin Diadema antillarum. White

band disease (WBD) affected the acroporids and was caused by a complex of vibrio bacteria (Gil-Agudelo et al. 2006).

The Diadema mass mortality had all the trademark characteristics of a virulent, transmissible, bacterial or viral

infection, but the putative pathogen (pathogens) was never identified (Lessios 2016). Populations of both acroporids

and sea urchins suffered over 95% mortalities throughout the wider Caribbean (Gladfelter 1982; Lessios et al. 1984a,b;

Aronson and Precht 2001; Lessios 2016), followed by a cascade of ecological consequences (significant loss of live

coral cover, primary productivity, spatial complexity, biodiversity and fecundity; loss of ecological functions, increase

in algal cover and biomass, etc.), ending in a shift from coral- to algal-dominated communities and the loss of

ecological services to other tropical marine communities and to human beings (Aronson and Precht 2001; Weil and

Rogers 2011). Several other disease-induced mass mortalities of other cnidarians, as well as of massive, plate and

nodular reef-building genera, have in the last 30 years resulted in additional loss of biomass, diversity and live coral

cover on many Caribbean reefs (Miller et al. 2009; Weil et al. 2009a; Weil and Rogers 2011; Bastidas et al. 2011; Weil

et al. 2017). },

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{toonDynamics2019,

title = {Caribbean Near-Shore Coral Reef Benthic Community Response to Changes on Sedimentation Dynamics and Environmental Conditions},

author = {Abimarie Otaño-Cruz and Alfredo A. Montañez-Acuña and Noelia M. García-Rodríguez and Dakeishla M. Díaz-Morales and Elizabeth Benson and Elvira Cuevas and Jorge Ortiz-Zayas and Edwin A. Hernández-Delgado},

editor = {Edward Jeremy Hind-Ozan and Xiaoshou Liu and Douglas Fenner},

url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00551/full

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Caribbean-Near-Shore-Coral-Reef-Benthic-Community-Response-to-Changes-on-Sedimentation-Dynamics-and-Environmental-Conditions.pdf

},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00551},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-09-06},

urldate = {2019-09-06},

journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},

volume = {6},

issue = {551},

pages = {551},

abstract = {Coral reefs are facing unprecedented global, regional and local threats that continue to degrade near-shore habitats. Water quality degradation, due to unsustainable development practices at coastal watersheds, is one of the greatest stressors across multiple spatial scales. The goal of this study was to assess near-shore coral reef benthic community spatio-temporal response to sedimentation patterns, weather, and oceanographic dynamics at Bahía Tamarindo and Punta Soldado in Culebra Island, Puerto Rico. Benthic data were collected across a distance gradient from the shore through high-resolution images at marked belt transects. Environmental data were assessed and contrasted with benthic assemblages using multivariate correlations and multiple linear regression. Coral colony abundance and coral recruit assemblages showed significant variation among seasons, sites and distance zones (PERMANOVA, p < 0.01). Species diversity (H’n) increased at both study sites with distance from shore, and the most conspicuous coral recruit species were stress-tolerant Porites astreoides, P. porites, and Siderastrea radians. Difference in coral abundance and coral recruits per site had a strong significant negative relationship with sediment characteristics and depth (p < 0.05). Near-shore coral reef benthic community structure was significantly different between sites and distance zones from shore, with depth having an important role in shaping reef zonation. Changes in benthic community structure were associated with local sediment distribution patterns emerging from human alteration of coastal watersheds and natural events that cause terrigenous sediment deposition and sand resuspension across the reef. Coral cover was significantly lower at zones more exposed to recurrent sedimentation stress (p < 0.01). It was also correlated with sediment texture (p = 0.006) and terrigenous sediment deposition (p = 0.016). Scleractinian coral cover had an inverse relationship with gorgonian and macroalgae cover. In a short-term period, a pattern of increased dominance of encrusting calcareous algae Ramicrusta textilis and invasive sponge Dictyonella funicularis were documented. Changing land use and increased frequency of extreme weather events, as a consequence of global patterns of climate change, may play an important role shaping near-shore coral reefs benthic communities and could threaten the resilience of coastal regions. Therefore, collaborative and trans-disciplinary ecosystem-based management efforts are urgently needed to effectively reduce land-based stressors and foster near-shore coral reef recovery.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{P.Ruiz-Diaz2019,

title = {A mathematical model of the interactions between \textit{Acropora cervicornis} and its environment},

author = {Aniel Nieves-González and Claudia P. Ruiz-Diaz and Carlos Toledo-Hernández and Juan S. Ramírez-Lugo},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304380019301413?via%3Dihub

},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.04.004},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-08-24},

urldate = {2019-08-24},

journal = {Ecological Modelling},

volume = {406},

pages = {7-22},

abstract = {Environmental factors associated with climate change such as increasing sea surface temperature (SST) and solar radiation (SR) have negatively impacted corals throughout their geographic ranges. One such coral, which has been seriously impacted by these stressors, is the staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis. To reduce the effects of such stressors, this coral utilizes fluorescent proteins (FPs) and melanin (M). These constitutive immune components quench reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during thermal stress and absorb or reflect potentially damaging light. The synthesis of these components are, nonetheless, energetically costly. Hence, production of these protective compounds may be traded-off against other vital functions such as growth. In this study we develop a mathematical model, viz., a system of ordinary differential equations that simulates the growth of A. cervicornis branches under different regimes and combinations of SST and SR. The model assumes that polyps are the functional unit of the coral and that the concentration of FPs and M are inversely proportional to SST and SR intensity. To develop the model we use empirical (birth and mortality rate of polyps and the maximum number of polyps per unit area) and theoretical parameters (concentration of FPs, M produced, and trade-offs with growth). The model simulates how changes in FPs and M due to environmental changes affect the growth capacity of A. cervicornis. The model as well as its stability analysis show that polyp growth is affected by SR and SST. Hence, the model will help in understanding how corals will respond to future changes in climate.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Precht2020,

title = {Non-Random Timing of Ecological Shifts on Caribbean Coral Reefs Suggests Regional Causes of Change},

author = {William F. Precht and Richard B. Aronson and Toby A. Gardner and Jennifer A. Gill and Julie P. Hawkins and Edwin A. Hernández-Delgado and Walter C. Jaap and Tim R. Mcclanahan and Melanie D. Mcfield and Thaddeus J.T. Murdoch and Maggy M. Nugues and Callum M. Roberts and Christiane K. Schelten and Andrew R. Watkinson and Isabelle M. Côté},

editor = {Marine and Coastal Programs},

url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/672121v1.full

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333988887_NON-RANDOM_TIMING_OF_ECOLOGICAL_SHIFTS_ON_CARIBBEAN_CORAL_REEFS_SUGGESTS_REGIONAL_CAUSES_OF_CHANGE

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Non-random-Timing-of-Ecological-Shifts-on-Caribbean-Coral-Reefs-Suggests-Regional-Causes-of-Change.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1101/672121},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-06-24},

urldate = {2019-06-24},

journal = {Advance in Marine Biology},

volume = {87},

pages = {1-24},

abstract = {Caribbean reefs have experienced unprecedented changes in the past four decades. Of great concern is the perceived widespread shift from coral to macroalgal dominance and the question of whether it represents a new, stable equilibrium for coral-reef communities. The primary causes of the shift -- grazing pressure (top-down), nutrient loading (bottom-up) or direct coral mortality (side-in) -- still remain somewhat controversial in the coral reef literature. We have attempted to tease out the relative importance of each of these causes. Four insights emerge from our analysis of an early regional dataset of information on the benthic composition of Caribbean reefs spanning the years 1977–2001. First, although three-quarters of reef sites have experienced coral declines concomitant with macroalgal increases, fewer than 10% of the more than 200 sites studied were dominated by macroalgae in 2001, by even the most conservative definition of dominance. Using relative dominance as the threshold, a total of 49 coral-to-macroalgae shifts were detected. This total represents ∼35% of all sites that were dominated by coral at the start of their monitoring periods. Four shifts (8.2%) occurred because of coral loss with no change in macroalgal cover, 15 (30.6%) occurred because of macroalgal gain without coral loss, and 30 (61.2%) occurred owing to concomitant coral decline and macroalgal increase. Second, the timing of shifts at the regional scale is most consistent with the side-in model of reef degradation, which invokes coral mortality as a precursor to macroalgal takeover, because more shifts occurred after regional coral-mortality events than expected by chance. Third, instantaneous observations taken at the start and end of the time-series for individual sites showed these reefs existed along a continuum of coral and macroalgal cover. The continuous, broadly negative relationship between coral and macroalgal cover suggests that in some cases coral-to-macroalgae phase shifts may be reversed by removing sources of perturbation or restoring critical components such as the herbivorous sea urchin Diadema antillarum to the system. The five instances in which macroalgal dominance was reversed corroborate the conclusion that macroalgal dominance is not a stable, alternative community state as has been commonly assumed. Fourth, the fact that the loss in regional coral cover and concomitant changes to the benthic community are related to punctuated, discrete events with known causes (i.e. coral disease and bleaching), lends credence to the hypothesis that coral reefs of the Caribbean have been under assault from climate-change-related maladies since the 1970s.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Norat-Ramíreza2019,

title = {A septic waste index model to measure the impact of septic tanks on coastal water quality and coral reef communities in Rincon, Puerto Rico},

author = {J. Norat-Ramírez and P. Méndez-Lázaro and E.A. Hernández-Delgado and H. Mattei-Torres and L. Cordero-Rivera},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0964569118305519

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/a-septic-waste-index-model-to-measure-the-impact-of-septic-tanks-coastal-water-quality-and-coral-reef-rincon-pr.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.12.016},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-03-01},

urldate = {2019-03-01},

journal = {Ocean & Coastal Management},

volume = {169},

pages = {201-213},

abstract = {The impact of fecal contamination of coastal waters and coral reefs is a major cause of concern in marine reserves in Puerto Rico. The measurement of the association between septic tank frequency in watersheds of creeks draining into these reserves and coastal water quality and coral reef condition is of importance in configuring pollution control policy. Fecal coliforms and enterococci assays were used to measure the density of fecal contaminants across the Tres Palmas Marine Reserve (TPMR) in Rincon, Puerto Rico. Inshore waters are intermittent creeks, receiving fecal pollution only from faulty septic tanks. Fecal indicators measurements showed higher densities near the southernmost creek mouth emptying into TPMR, a finding consistent with a larger amount of dwellings with septic tanks within this watershed (Vista Azul creek). A Septic Weight Index was constructed to analyze sewage impact from all watersheds draining into the marine reserve. Linear Regression analyses showed a significant association between these non-point source fecal pollution sources and both coastal water quality and impact on some parameters measuring the condition of Acropora palmata coral reef colonies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Toledo-Hernández2018,

title = {Devastation of 15-year old Community-based Coral Farming and Reef-restoration Sites in Puerto Rico by Major Hurricanes Irma and María},

author = {Carlos Toledo-Hernández and Claudia P. Ruiz-Diaz and Edwin A. Hernández-Delgado and Samuel E. Suleimán-Ramos},

editor = {James D. Ackerman and Alfonso Aguilar-Perera and Wayne J. Arendt and Rüdiger Bieler},

url = {https://www.eaglehill.us/CANAonline/CANA-access-pages/CANA-regular/CANA-053-Toledo-Hernandez.shtml

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Devastation-of-15-year-old-Community-based-Coral-Farming-and-Reef-restoration-Sites-in-Puerto-Rico-by-Major-Hurricanes-Irma-and-Maria2018.pdf},

isbn = {2326-7119},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-12-12},

urldate = {2018-12-12},

journal = {Caribbean Naturalist},

number = {53},

pages = {1-6},

abstract = {Category-5 hurricanes Irma and María impacted the northeastern Caribbean in September 2017 with waves in excess of 10 m. Herein we provide the frst assessment of hurricane damage to community-based coral farming and reef restoration at several locations from Culebra Island, Puerto Rico. Hurricanes destroyed 75 coral farms, killing 11,074 Acropora cervicornis (Staghorn Coral) fragments. Likewise, over 9000 recently out-planted colonies as well as most of the coral species adjacent to the outplants perished when they were buried by sand and rubble or were dislodged as a result of hurricane-generated waves. Liagora spp. (marine red algae) and other red algae rapidly colonized coral rubble and openreef substrates, threatening surviving corals of multiple species at least for several weeks after hurricane impacts.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mercado-Molina2018,

title = {Growth facilitation by the octocoral \textit{Gorgonia ventalina} explains spatial difference in the population size structure of the common demosponge \textit{Ircinia felix}},

author = {Alex E. Mercado-Molina and Fabiola Rivera-Irizarry and Jaime Fonseca-Miranda and Yesenia Bruno-Laureano},

editor = {Paco Cárdenas},

url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17451000.2017.1367098},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2017.1367098},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-11-07},

urldate = {2018-11-07},

journal = {Marine Biology Research},

volume = {14},

issue = {1},

pages = {41 - 51},

abstract = {In this study, the demography of the common demosponge Ircinia felix was examined at Tamarindo, a coral reef located in the island municipality of Culebra, Puerto Rico. A preliminary study comparing the size structure of two subpopulations within the reef, Tamarindo Norte (TN) and Tamarindo Sur (TS), indicated that sponges at TN are significantly larger than sponges at TS. This result served as a baseline for the present comparative study in which we aimed to determine whether the spatial differences in population size structure can be explained either by a difference in rates of survival, growth, or recruitment, or a combination of these. To accomplish our goal, we followed the growth, survival and recruitment of I. felix at the two localities for one year. Growth was the only demographic parameter that differed significantly between localities. Because the most obvious distinction between the study sites was the absence of the octocoral Gorgonia ventalina at TS, we hypothesized that the faster overall growth rate of sponges at TN was related to the presence of the octocoral. To test this hypothesis, we compared growth rates between sponges associated with the octocoral and those individuals not associated. We found that sponges growing near G. ventalina grew significantly faster than non-associated sponges. This result suggests that the octocoral facilitates the growth of I. felix and therefore may account, at least in part, for the spatial differences in population size structure.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mercado-Molina2018b,

title = {Tissue loss rather than colony size determines the demographic fate of the branching coral \textit{Acropora cervicornis}.},

author = {Alex E. Mercado-Molina and Claudia Patricia Ruiz-Diaz and Alberto M. Sabat},

url = {https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps_oa/m597p147.pdf

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Tissue-loss-rather-than-colony-size-determines-the-demographic-fate-of-the-branching-coral-Acropora-cervicornis.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12578},

issn = {0171-8630},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-06-11},

urldate = {2018-06-11},

journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},

volume = {597},

pages = {147-159},

publisher = {Inter-Research},

abstract = {Partial mortality is a common process affecting coral colonies. Yet, the impact of tissue loss on the demography of the threatened reef-building coral Acropora cervicornis has been poorly investigated. This limits our understanding of how this species will fare under unfavorable environmental conditions. In this study, we examined the growth and survival of colonies with varying degrees of partial mortality, indicated by tissue loss, for 2 yr at 2 reefs in Puerto Rico. We found that irrespective of colony size, rates of coral growth and survival declined significantly once the proportion of dead tissue exceeded 20% of the total colony size. Projections of state-matrix population models indicated that partial mortality could also have a negative impact at the population level. For instance, a 25% increase in the number of colonies with >20% tissue loss would reduce the time in which 75% of the population is lost by 3 to 4 yr. Our results provide a new perspective on the effect of partial mortality on the demography and population dynamics of A. cervicornis. First, 20% of tissue loss can be considered a threshold value in which colony fate and population growth are compromised. Second, colony size is not the most important determinant of a colony’s demographic performance; instead, the surface area lost to partial mortality is a better predictor of colony growth and survivorship. Taking into consideration the relationship between partial mortality and the demographic fate of A. cervicornis can aid in the development of stronger conservation and restoration programs.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pérez-Pagán2018,

title = {Evaluation of the effectiveness of 3D-printed corals to attract coral reef fish at Tamarindo Reef, Culebra, Puerto Rico.},

author = {Birla Sofía Pérez-Pagán and Alex E. Mercado-Molina},

url = {https://www.conservationevidence.com/individual-study/6858

},

issn = {1758-2067},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-06-11},

urldate = {2018-06-11},

journal = {Conservation Evidence},

volume = {15},

pages = {43-47},

abstract = {The development of artificial corals using 3D-printing technology has been proposed as an alternative to aid the recovery of fish populations in degraded reefs. However, no study has empirically evaluated the potential of such artificial corals to attract fish to reef patches. We conducted an experiment to determine whether the number of fish associated with natural and 3D-printed corals differs significantly. The 3D-printed artificial corals mimicked the morphology of staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis, whose branches serve as habitat for many fish species. There is evidence indicating that fish abundance increases with habitat complexity, but no specific evidence relating to A. cervicornis. Therefore, we also investigated whether the structural complexity of both natural and artificial corals affected their effectiveness to attract fish. We found that the number of fish associated with artificial and natural corals was not significantly different. However, irrespective of coral type, fish were more abundant in corals with the highest levels of complexity. Our findings suggest that 3D-printed corals can serve as a complementary tool to improve the ecosystem function of degraded coral reefs.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mercado-Molina2017,

title = {Growth facilitation by the octocoral \textit{Gorgonia ventalina} explains spatial difference in the population size structure of the common demosponge \textit{Ircinia felix}},

author = {Alex E. Mercado-Molina and Fabiola Rivera-Irizarry and Jaime Fonseca-Miranda and Yesenia Bruno-Laureano },

editor = {Paco Cárdenas},

url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17451000.2017.1367098},

doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2017.1367098},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-11-07},

urldate = {2017-11-07},

journal = {Marine Biology Research},

volume = {14},

issue = {1},

pages = {41-50},

abstract = {In this study, the demography of the common demosponge Ircinia felix was examined at Tamarindo, a coral reef located in the island municipality of Culebra, Puerto Rico. A preliminary study comparing the size structure of two subpopulations within the reef, Tamarindo Norte (TN) and Tamarindo Sur (TS), indicated that sponges at TN are significantly larger than sponges at TS. This result served as a baseline for the present comparative study in which we aimed to determine whether the spatial differences in population size structure can be explained either by a difference in rates of survival, growth, or recruitment, or a combination of these. To accomplish our goal, we followed the growth, survival and recruitment of I. felix at the two localities for one year. Growth was the only demographic parameter that differed significantly between localities. Because the most obvious distinction between the study sites was the absence of the octocoral Gorgonia ventalina at TS, we hypothesized that the faster overall growth rate of sponges at TN was related to the presence of the octocoral. To test this hypothesis, we compared growth rates between sponges associated with the octocoral and those individuals not associated. We found that sponges growing near G. ventalina grew significantly faster than non-associated sponges. This result suggests that the octocoral facilitates the growth of I. felix and therefore may account, at least in part, for the spatial differences in population size structure.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Soto-Santiago2017,

title = {Comparative demography of two common scleractinian corals: \textit{Orbicella annularis} and \textit{Porites astreoides}},

author = {Francisco J. Soto-Santiago​ and Alex Mercado-Molina and Koralis Reyes-Maldonado and Yaileen Vélez and Claudia P. Ruiz-Díaz and Alberto Sabat},

editor = {James Reimer},

url = {https://peerj.com/articles/3906/#

https://peerj.com/articles/3906/https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/comparative-demography-of.pdf},

doi = {10.7717/peerj.3906},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-10-27},

urldate = {2017-10-27},

journal = {PeerJ},

volume = {5},

pages = {1-18},

abstract = {Background: Studies directed at understanding the demography and population dynamics of corals are relatively scarce. This limits our understanding of both the dynamics of coral populations and our capacity to develop management and conservation initiatives directed at conserving such ecosystems.



Methods: From 2012 to 2014, we collected data on the growth, survival, and recruitment rates of two common Caribbean coral species, the stress-tolerant Orbicella annularis and the weedy Porites astreoides. A set of size-based population matrix model was developed for two localities in Northeastern Puerto Rico and used to estimate population growth rates ( >) and determine the life cycle transition(s) that contribute the most to spatiotemporal differences in >s. The model was parameterized by following the fate of 100 colonies of each species at the two sites for two years.



Results: Our data indicate that spatial variability in vital rates of both species was higher than temporal variability. During the first year, populations of O. annularis exhibited  s below equilibrium at Carlos Rosario (0.817) and Palomino (0.694), followed by a considerable decline at both sites during the second year (0.700 and 0.667). Populations of P. astreoides showed higher  > s than O. annularis during the first census period at Carlos Rosario (0.898) and Palomino (0.894) with a decline at one of the sites (0.681 and 0.893) during the second census period. Colony fate in both species exhibited a significant interaction with respect to location but not to time (G2 = 20.96; df = 3 for O. annularis and G2 = 9.55; df = 3 for P. astreoides). Discussion: The similar variability of  s as well as the similar survival rates for both species during the two-year census period (2012–2014) show similar variability on demographic patterns in space and time. Our results suggest that location rather than time is important for the resiliency in coral colonies. Also, P. astreoides will show higher resistance to disturbance in the future than O. annularis.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Godoy-Vitorino2017,

title = {The microbial biosphere of the coral \textit{Acropora cervicornis} in Northeastern Puerto Rico},

author = {Filipa Godoy-Vitorino​ and Claudia P. Ruiz-Diaz and Abigail Rivera-Seda and Juan S. Ramírez-Lugo and Carlos Toledo-Hernández},

editor = {Robert Toonen},

url = {https://peerj.com/articles/3717/

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/The-microbial-biosphere-of-the-coral-Acropora-cervicornis-in-Northeastern-Puerto-Rico.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3717},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-08-29},

urldate = {2017-08-29},

journal = {PeerJ},

volume = {10},

number = {3717},

pages = {15},

abstract = {Coral reefs are the most biodiverse ecosystems in the marine realm, and they not only contribute a plethora of ecosystem services to other marine organisms, but they also are beneficial to humankind via, for instance, their role as nurseries for commercially important fish species. Corals are considered holobionts (host + symbionts) since they are composed not only of coral polyps, but also algae, other microbial eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In recent years, Caribbean reef corals, including the once-common scleractinian coral Acropora cervicornis, have suffered unprecedented mortality due to climate change-related stressors. Unfortunately, our basic knowledge of the molecular ecophysiology of reef corals, particularly with respect to their complex bacterial microbiota, is currently too poor to project how climate change will affect this species. For instance, we do not know how light influences microbial communities of A. cervicornis, arguably the most endangered of all Caribbean coral species. To this end, we characterized the microbiota of A. cervicornis inhabiting water depths with different light regimes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Toledo-Hernández2017,

title = {Comparison of chemical compounds associated with sclerites from healthy and diseased sea fan corals (\textit{Gorgonia ventalina})},

author = {Carlos Toledo-Hernández and Claudia P. Ruiz-Diaz and Liz M. Díaz-Vázquez and Vanessa Santiago-Cárdenas and Derick N. Rosario-Berrios and Derek M. García-Almedina and Loretta M. Roberson},

editor = {Joseph Pawlik},

url = {https://peerj.com/articles/3677/

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Comparison-of-chemical-compounds-associated-with-sclerites-from-healthy-and-diseased-sea-fan-corals-Gorgonia-ventalina.pdf

},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3677},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-08-25},

urldate = {2017-08-25},

journal = {PeerJ},

volume = {10},

number = {3677},

pages = {1-12},

abstract = {The roles of gorgonian sclerites as structural components and predator deterrents have been widely studied. Yet their role as barriers against microbes has only recently been investigated, and even less is known about the diversity and roles of the chemical compounds associated with sclerites.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Otaño-Cruz2017,

title = {Effects of Changing Weather, Oceanographic Conditions, and Land Uses on Spatio-Temporal Variation of Sedimentation Dynamics along Near-Shore Coral Reefs},

author = {Abimarie Otaño-Cruz and Alfredo A. Montañez-Acuña and Valeria Torres-López and Elix M. Hernández-Figueroa and Edwin A. Hernández-Delgado},

editor = {Samantha Oester},

url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2017.00249/full

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Effects-of-Changing-Weather-Oceanographic-Conditions-and-Land-Uses-on-Spatio-Temporal-Variation-of-Sedimentation-Dynamics-along-Near-Shore-Coral-Reefs.pdf

},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00249},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-08-08},

urldate = {2017-08-08},

journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},

volume = {4},

number = {249},

pages = {1-17},

abstract = {Sedimentation is a critical threat to coral reefs worldwide. Major land use alteration at steep, highly erodible semi-arid islands accelerates the potential of soil erosion, runoff, and sedimentation stress to nearshore coral reefs during extreme rainfall events. The goal of this study was to assess spatio-temporal variation of sedimentation dynamics across nearshore coral reefs as a function of land use patterns, weather and oceanographic dynamics, to identify marine ecosystem conservation strategies. Sediment was collected at a distance gradient from shore at Bahia Tamarindo (BTA) and Punta Soldado (PSO) coral reefs at Culebra Island, Puerto Rico. Sediment texture and composition were analyzed by dry sieving and loss-on-ignition techniques, and were contrasted with environmental variables for the research period (February 2014 to April 2015). Rainfall and oceanographic data were analyzed to address their potential role on affecting sediment distribution with BEST BIO-ENV, RELATE correlation, and linear regression analysis. A significant difference in sedimentation rate was observed by time and distance from shore (PERMANOVA, p < 0.0100), mostly attributed to higher sediment exposure at reef zones closer to shore due to strong relationships with coastal runoff. Sedimentation rate positively correlated with strong rainfall events (Rho = 0.301, p = 0.0400) associated with storms and rainfall intensity exceeding 15 mm/h. At BTA, sediment deposited were mostly composed of sand, suggesting a potential influence of resuspension produced by waves and swells. In contrast, PSO sediments were mostly composed of silt-clay and terrigenous material, mainly attributed to a deforestation event that occurred at adjacent steep sub-watershed during the study period. Spatial and temporal variation of sedimentation pulses and terrigenous sediment input implies that coral reefs exposure to sediment stress is determined by local land use patterns, weather, and oceanographic dynamics. Comprehensive understanding of sediment dynamics and coastal ecosystem interconnectivity is fundamental to implement integrated and adaptive management strategies aimed to promote sustainable development at watershed and island wide-scale to fully mitigate terrigenous sediment impact to marine ecosystems. Furthermore, decision-making processes and policy needs to address sedimentation stress in the context of future climate to reduce land-based threats and strengthen coral reef resilience.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hernandez-Delgado2017,

title = {Unsustainable Land Use, Sediment-Laden Runoff, and Chronic Raw Sewage Offset the Benefits of Coral Reef Ecosystems in a No-Take Marine Protected Area},

author = {Edwin A Hernandez-Delgado and Jeiger L. Medina-Muniz and Hernando Mattei and Jose Norat-Ramirez},

url = {https://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/emsd/article/view/10687/9269

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Unsustainable-Land-Use-Sediment-Laden-Runoff-and-Chronic-Raw-Sewage-Offset-the-Benefits-of-Coral-Reef-Ecosystems-in-a-No-Take-Marine-Protected-Area.pdf

},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v6i2.10687},

issn = {2164-7682},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-07-07},

urldate = {2017-07-07},

journal = {Environmental Management and Sustainable Development},

volume = {6},

number = {2},

pages = {292-333},

abstract = {Unsustainable land uses may result in poor watershed management, increased soil erosion, poorly-planned urban development, increased runoff, and sewage pollution, creating an environmental stress gradient across coastal coral reefs. This study was aimed at: 1) Evaluating water quality within and outside the Canal Luis Peña Natural Reserve (CLPNR), Culebra Island, Puerto Rico; 2) Determining if there was any significant environmental stress gradient associated to land-based non-point source pollution; and 3) Characterizing shallow-water coral reef communities across the gradient. Strong gradient impacts associated to sediment-laden and nutrient-loaded runoff pulses, in combination with non-point raw sewage pulses, and sediment bedload, impacted coastal coral reefs. Water quality showed significant spatio-temporal fluctuations (p<0.0001), largely responding to heavy rainfall and subsequent runoff pulses. Benthic community structure showed significant spatial variation along the environmental stress gradient (p=0.0002). Macroalgae, dead coral surfaces, algal turf, and low coral species richness, species diversity index (H’c), and evenness (J’c) dominated benthic assemblages across reefs frequently impacted by runoff pulses and sediment bedload. The combination of fecal coliform and enterococci concentrations were correlated with variation in benthic community structure (Rho=0.668; p=0.0020). The combined variation in salinity, dissolved oxygen and enterococci concentrations explained 75% of the observed spatial variation in benthic assemblages (R2 =0.7461; p=0.0400). Local human stressors affected coral reefs within no-take CLPNR and risk analyses suggest it may offset its ecological benefits. There is a need to design and implement integrated coastal-watershed management strategies to address multiple land use activities, including erosion-control best management practices, watershed reforestation, and sewage pollution control.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hernández-Delgado2017b,

title = {Long-Lasting Impacts of Beach Renourishment on nearshore Urban Coral Reefs: a Glimpse of Future Impacts of Shoreline Erosion, Climate Change and Sea Level Rise},

author = {Edwin A. Hernández-Delgado and Bernard J. Rosado-Matías},

url = {https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Long_Lasting_Impacts_of_Beach_Renourishm.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318316763_Long-Lasting_Impacts_of_Beach_Renourishment_on_Near_shore_Urban_Coral_Reefs_a_Glimpse_of_Future_Impacts_of_Shoreline_Erosion_Climate_Change_and_Sea_Level_Rise

},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-05-05},

urldate = {2017-05-05},

journal = {Annals of Marine Biology and Research},

volume = {4},

number = {1},

pages = {1-17},

abstract = {Urban shoreline erosion mitigation through beach renourishment has often been dismissed as environmentally insignificant. Given predicted impacts  of sea level rise (SLR) and increased shoreline erosion, such activities might become a common practice in the future. But its long-term impacts on adjacent coral reefs have remained poorly documented. Benthic community trajectories were addressed during a period of twelve years across a spatial gradient of sediment burial impacts by beach renourishment on a high-energy urban coral reef at La Marginal Beach, Arecibo, Puerto Rico. Impacts associated to beach renourishment, followed by long-term, slowly-evolving impacts associated to sediment bedload, increased turbidity, increased Arecibo River streamflow, urban polluted runoff discharges, high particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration, and coral mortality following massive coral bleaching in 2005 were 

addressed through long-term monitoring. There was an initial catastrophic loss in coral species richness, diversity index and percent living coral cover, and a rapid regime shift favoring dominance by macroalgae and other non-reef building taxa. Long-term chronic impacts arrested high impact sites to an early successional stage, and drove moderate and low impact sites to a similar stage of very low species diversity, colony abundance and reef growth. Such chronic changes in community trajectories represent a glimpse into potential future impacts of shoreline erosion, sediment bedload, increasing turbidity and coastal water quality decline associated to SLR. The combination of chronic coral reef decline resulting from beach renourishment, coastal pollution, turbidity, and sediment bedload may have critical long-term ecological implications for urban coral reef resilience, functions and benefits.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Soto-Santiago2017b,

title = {Physiological Response to Thermal Stress of the Caribbean Corals \textit{Orbicella annularis} and \textit{Porites astreoides}.},

author = {Francisco Javier Soto-Santiago and Alex Edgardo Mercado-Molina and Koralis Reyes-Maldonado and Alberto Miguel Sabat},

url = {https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=rjes.2017.48.57https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Physiological-Response-to-Thermal-Stress-of-the-Caribbean-Corals-Orbicella-annularis-and-Porites-astreoides.pdf},

doi = {10.3923/rjes.2017.48.57},

issn = {1819-3412},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-27},

urldate = {2017-01-27},

journal = {Research Journal of Environmental Sciences},

volume = {11},

number = {2},

issue = {2},

pages = {48-57},

abstract = {Background and Objective: The physiological response of corals to ocean warming is an essential component of their overall resiliency to climate change. It is important to understand how increasing sea surface temperature will affect the mutualistic relationship between corals and their endosymbionts dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.). This study focused on the effects of temperature stress on the photophysiology of two Caribbean corals differing in life history strategies: Orbicella annularis (O. annularis) and Porites astreoides (P. astreoides). Materials and Methods: A total of 12 fragments of each species were collected from the Puerto Morelos, Mexico shoreline. Six fragments of each species were placed under ambient light and a water temperature of 28°C and the other six under ambient light and an elevated temperature of 32°C for 10 days. Maximum pressure over photosytem II (Qm) was estimated daily while chlorophyll content and Symbiodinium densities were measured at the end of the experiment. Results: Qm values were considerably higher in O. annularis at 32°C when compared to O. annularis at 28°C. In contrast, Qm values for P. astreoides did not differ significantly between treatments. Interestingly, Qm values of P. astreoides at 32°C was similar to that of O. annularis at 28°C. Orbicella annularis showed higher Symbiodinium densities and significantly higher concentrations of chlorophyll a at 28°C than at 32°C. In P. astreoides, no differences on chlorophyll content and Symbiodinium densities were found between temperature treatments. Porites astreoides showed higher chlorophyll a content and Symbiodinium densities than O. annularis under high temperature stress. Conclusion: Low Qm values but high chlorophyll concentrations and Symbiodinium densities within P. astreoides after induced temperature stress provides a physiological basis of the opportunistic strategy of this species. However, the significant increase in Qm, lower chlorophyll a concentration and reduced Symbiodinium densities observed in O. annularis at 32°C highlights its vulnerability to ocean warming. If O. annularis, which is considered one of the main builders of Caribbean coral reefs, disappears and is replaced by relatively small and weedy P. astreoides, the structural heterogeneity of Caribbean coral reefs will be reduced.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mercado-Molina2016,

title = {Branching dynamics of transplanted colonies of the threatened coral \textit{Acropora cervicornis}: Morphogenesis, complexity, and modeling},

author = {Alex E. Mercado-Molina and Claudia Patricia Ruiz-Diaz and Alberto M. Sabat},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098116300934?via%3Dihub

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303767879_Branching_dynamics_of_transplanted_colonies_of_the_threatened_coral_Acropora_cervicornis_Morphogenesis_complexity_and_modeling},

doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2016.05.004},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-06-01},

urldate = {2016-06-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},

volume = {482},

pages = {134-141},

abstract = {Acropora cervicornis is a threatened Caribbean coral that depends on branch fragmentation to proliferate. Understanding the patterns of branch formation is, therefore, essential for the development of management and conservation initiatives. This study describes branch morphogenesis in 100 colony fragments that were transplanted to two reefs in Puerto Rico that differ in light intensity. Four morphometric variables were measured for one year: internode length, branch growth rate, the number of ramifying branches (mother branches; MB), and the number of branches produced (daughter branches; DB). Branching complexity was also evaluated using two indices: the Horton-Strahler bifurcation ratio (Rb) and the Carrillo-Mendoza branching index (CM-BI). A simple discrete model was constructed to estimate the number of harvestable branches over time. No spatial difference was observed when comparing the development of the primary branches, as the mean internode lengths, the mean extension rates, and the mean number of branches produced did not differ statistically between sites. Likewise, internode lengths in secondary branches did not vary significantly between sites. In contrast, the mean branching and growth rates of secondary branches differed statistically between the two study locations. Significant spatial differences were also observed when comparing the total number of MB and the total number of DB but not for the ratio of DB to MB. The CM-BI was more appropriate than the Rb in describing the branching structure of A. cervicornis. The model provided a good fit to the observed branching dynamics; demonstrating its usefulness as a tool for predicting branch productivity of this species. The implications for restoration activities are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Toledo-Hernández2016,

title = {The role of sclerites in the defense against pathogens of the sea fan \textit{Gorgonia ventalina} (Octocorallia)},

author = {Carlos Toledo-Hernández and Claudia Patricia Ruiz-Diaz and Luis Ramírez-Camejo and Raiza Paniagua and Alberto M. Sabat and Loretta Roberson and Paul Bayman},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098116301058},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2016.06.002},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-06-01},

urldate = {2016-06-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},

volume = {483},

pages = {20-24},

abstract = {Sessile organisms such as octocorals cannot avoid threats such as predation, parasitism or fungal infections through evasive responses. Instead, they rely on strategies that deter or reduce the impact of these threats. One such strategy is the development of hard structures such as sclerites, which are minute calcium carbonate skeletal elements located on top of the ectoderm and within the mesoglea and gastrodermal tube walls. Sclerites have multiple roles, including structural support of the colony and protection from predators. The role of sclerites as a physical barrier that deters fungal infection, however, is unknown. This study examines the potential role of sea fan sclerites as protection from fungal infection. To accomplish this, four different fungi isolated from healthy sea fans were inoculated into 5 mL tubes filled with culture media and with sclerites from healthy and diseased fans placed on top. To determine whether chemical compounds in the sclerites impact infection, sclerites from healthy and diseased fans were extracted for several days with acetone prior to inoculation. Results showed that the sclerite layer delayed fungal infection from reaching the agar when compared to controls (tubes with agar but no sclerites). There was no difference between tubes with healthy and diseased sclerites, but there were differences among sclerites extracted with acetone. This study suggests that, in addition to the roles in structural support and predator deterrence, sclerites play a role as physical and chemical barriers against to fungal infection.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ruiz-Diaz2016,

title = {Scraping and extirpating: two strategies to induce recovery of diseased \textit{Gorgonia ventalina} sea fans},

author = {Claudia Patricia Ruiz-Diaz and Carlos Toledo-Hernández and Alex E. Mercado-Molina and Alberto M. Sabat},

url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/maec.12283

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Ruiz-Diaz_et_al-2016-Marine_Ecology.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12283},

issn = {0173-9565},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-27},

urldate = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Marine Ecology},

volume = {37},

issue = {2},

pages = {336-343},

abstract = {Coral diseases are currently playing a major role in the worldwide decline in coral reef integrity. One of the coral species most afflicted by disease in the Caribbean, and which has been the focus of much research, is the sea fan Gorgonia ventalina. There is, however, very little information regarding the capacity of sea fans to recover after being infected. The aim of this study was to compare the rehabilitation capacity of G. ventalina after diseased-induced lesions were eliminated either by scraping or extirpating the affected area. Scraping consisted of removing any organisms overgrowing the axial skeleton from the diseased area as well as the purple tissue bordering these overgrowths using metal bristle brushes. Extirpation consisted of cutting the diseased area, including the surrounding purpled tissue, using scissors. The number of scraped colonies that fully or partially rehabilitated after being manipulated and the rates at which the sea fans whose lesions were scrapped grew back healthy tissue were compared among: (i) colonies that inhabited two sites with contrasting environmental conditions; (ii) colonies of different sizes and (iii) colonies with different ratios of area of legions to total colony area (LA/CA). Both strategies proved to be very successful in eliminating lesions from sea fans. In the case of scraping, over 51% of the colonies recovered between 80% and 100% of the lost tissue within 16 months. The number of colonies that recovered from scraping was similar among sites and among colony sizes, but differed significantly depending on the relative amount of lesion to colony area (LA/CA). When lesions were extirpated, lesions did not reappear in any of the colonies. We conclude that lesion scraping is useful for eliminating relatively small lesions (i.e. LA/CA < 10%), as these are likely to recover in a shorter period of time, whereas for relatively large lesions (LA/CA ≥ 10%) it is more appropriate to extirpate the lesion.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ruiz-Diaz2016b,

title = {The role of coral colony health state in the recovery of lesions},

author = {Claudia P. Ruiz-Diaz​ and Carlos Toledo-Hernandez and Alex E. Mercado-Molina and María-Eglée Pérez and Alberto M. Sabat},

url = {https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Ruiz-Diazetal2016.pdf

https://peerj.com/articles/1531/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26788423/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289376592_The_role_of_coral_colony_health_state_in_the_recovery_of_lesions},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1531},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-05},

urldate = {2016-01-12},

journal = {Peer J},

pages = {1-13},

abstract = {Coral disease literature has focused, for the most part, on the etiology of the more than 35 coral afflictions currently described. Much less understood are the factors that underpin the capacity of corals to regenerate lesions, including the role of colony health. This lack of knowledge with respect to the factors that influence tissue regeneration significantly limits our understanding of the impact of diseases at the colony, population, and community level. In this study, we experimentally compared tissue regeneration capacity of diseased versus healthy fragments of Gorgonia ventalina colonies at 5 m and 12 m of depth. We found that the initial health state of colonies (i.e., diseased or healthy) had a significant effect on tissue regeneration (healing). All healthy fragments exhibited full recovery regardless of depth treatment, while diseased fragments did not. Our results suggest that being diseased or healthy has a significant effect on the capacity of a sea fan colony to repair tissue, but that environmental factors associated with changes in depth, such as temperature and light, do not. We conclude that disease doesn’t just compromise vital functions such as growth and reproduction in corals but also compromises their capacity to regenerate tissue and heal lesions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hernández-Delgado2015,

title = {The emerging threats of climate change on tropical coastal ecosystem services, public health, local economies and livelihood sustainability of small islands: Cumulative impacts and synergies},

author = {Edwin A. Hernández-Delgado},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X15300357},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.018},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-12-31},

urldate = {2015-12-31},

journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin},

volume = {101},

number = {1},

pages = {5-28},

abstract = {Climate change has significantly impacted tropical ecosystems critical for sustaining local economies and community livelihoods at global scales. Coastal ecosystems have largely declined, threatening the principal source of protein, building materials, tourism-based revenue, and the first line of defense against storm swells and sea level rise (SLR) for small tropical islands. Climate change has also impacted public health (i.e., altered distribution and increased prevalence of allergies, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases). Rapid human population growth has exacerbated pressure over coupled social–ecological systems, with concomitant non-sustainable impacts on natural resources, water availability, food security and sovereignty, public health, and quality of life, which should increase vulnerability and erode adaptation and mitigation capacity. This paper examines cumulative and synergistic impacts of climate change in the challenging context of highly vulnerable small tropical islands. Multiple adaptive strategies of coupled social–ecological ecosystems are discussed. Multi-level, multi-sectorial responses are necessary for adaptation to be successful.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mercado-Molina2015b,

title = {Demography of the threatened coral \textit{Acropora cervicornis}: implications for its management and conservation},

author = {Alex E. Mercado-Molina and Claudia P. Ruiz-Diaz and María E. Pérez and Ruber Rodríguez-Barreras and Alberto M. Sabat },

url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281639362_Demography_of_the_threatened_coral_Acropora_cervicornis_implications_for_its_management_and_conservation

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00338-015-1341-8

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Mercado-Molinaetal2015b.pdf

},

doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-015-1341-8},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-12-02},

urldate = {2015-12-02},

journal = {Coral Reefs},

volume = {34},

number = {4},

pages = {1113-1124},

abstract = {Populations of Acropora cervicornis have collapsed throughout the Caribbean. This situation has prompted the initiation of many restoration efforts; yet, there are insufficient demographic data and analyses to effectively guide these initiatives. In this study, we assessed the spatiotemporal variability of A. cervicornis vital rates. We also developed a population matrix model to (1) evaluate the risk of population extinction, (2) estimate population growth rates considering different rates of colony fragmentation and fragment survival, (3) determine the demographic transition(s) that contribute the most to spatiotemporal differences in growth rates , and (4) analyze the effectiveness of outplanting coral fragments of different sizes.Themodel was parameterized by following the fate of 300 colonies from 2011 to 2013 at two localities in Puerto Rico. Demographic transitions varied spatiotemporally, with a significant interaction between location and time period on colony fate. Spatiotemporal variations in growth rates were also observed. During the first year, populations exhibited growth rates below equilibrium (0.918 and 0.948), followed by a dramatic decline at both sites (0.535 and 0.709) during the second year. The lower growth rates were caused by a decrease in the probability of stasis of large-sized colonies coupled with the lack of sexual recruits and a meager contribution of asexual recruitment. Spatial variations in growth rates were largely due to differences in the probability of medium-sized colonies advancing to the largest size class. The viability analysis forecasts that the populations will reach quasi-extinction levels of 25% of the initial population size in less than 16 yrs. Numerical simulations indicate that outplanting fragments larger than 250 cm in total linear length (TLL) would result in a higher asymptotic population size than outplanting smaller fragments. We argue, however, that transplanting colonies less than 100 cm TLL will be a better management strategy because they can be produced faster and in higher numbers at coral nurseries.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Torres-Pérez2015b,

title = {Relative Pigment Composition and Remote Sensing Reflectance of Caribbean ShallowWater Corals},

author = {Juan L. Torres-Pérez and Liane S. Guild and Roy A. Armstrong and Jorge Corredor and Anabella Zuluaga-Montero and Ramón Polanco},

editor = {Wayne Iwan Lee Davies},

url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0143709

https://www.sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Relative-Pigment-Composition-and-Remote-Sensing-Reflectance-of-Caribbean-ShallowWater-Corals.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143709},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-11-30},

urldate = {2015-11-30},

journal = {PlosONE},

volume = {10},

issue = {11},

pages = {1-20},

abstract = {Reef corals typically contain a number of pigments, mostly due to their symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic dinoflagellates. These pigments usually vary in presence and concentration and influence the spectral characteristics of corals. We studied the variations in pigment composition among seven Caribbean shallow-water Scleractinian corals by means of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis to further resolve the discrimination of corals. We found a total of 27 different pigments among the coral species, including some alteration products of the main pigments. Additionally, pigments typically found in endolithic algae were also identified. A Principal Components Analysis and a Hierarchical Cluster Analysis showed the separation of coral species based on pigment composition. All the corals were collected under the same physical environmental conditions. This suggests that pigment in the coral’s symbionts might be more genetically-determined than influenced by prevailing physical conditions of the reef. We further investigated the use of remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) as a tool for estimating the total pigment concentration of reef corals. Depending on the coral species, the Rrs and the total symbiont pigment concentration per coral tissue area correlation showed 79.5–98.5% confidence levels demonstrating its use as a non-invasive robust technique to estimate pigment concentration in studies of coral reef biodiversity and health.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}